Wireless, Braces, Earrings and Hip Replacements: Metal Can Increase Wireless Radiation Absorption Into The Body

Cell Phones Wireless, Braces, Earrings and Hip Replacements

Metal Can Increase Wireless Radiation Absorption Into The Body

Published Research Indicates That Metal Implants Effect Electromagnetic Radiation Absorption Into The Body

The presence of metal in or near the body can significantly increase a person’s wireless exposure. Metal can reflect and refocus wireless radiation, resulting in much higher SAR absorption rates into the body. The FCC, states, “Electrically conductive objects in or on the body may interact with sources of RF energy in ways that are not easily predicted. Examples of conductive objects in the body include braces, orthodontics and implanted metallic objects. Examples of conductive objects on the body include eyeglasses, jewelry, or metallic accessories.”

Published research shows that eyeglasses with metal frames and metal jewelry can affect the SAR levels. For example, a study found the SAR measured in the eye closest to the phone increased when metal glasses were a part of the calculation. Similarly, publications have reported that the peak SAR can be up to 25% higher when a 900 MHz phone is pressed up to an ear pierced with a metallic object such as an earring. Another study looked at the SARs into the leg and reproductive organs when a cell phone was placed in a pocket alongside a keychain with a metal ring and found that the presence of a metallic ring significantly increases the averaged 10g SAR inside the testicle by more than 20% at 1.8 GHz.

People have a variety of metal implants in their body, from dental implants, the pins used for broken bones, hip replacements and brain implants. Metallic implants inside the body have been found to increase the SAR levels in several studies. Increased SAR levels in the brain from implanted metal is a serious concern that regulatory agencies have not addressed.

The 2023 study “Electromagnetic field exposure to human head model with various metal objects at sub-6 GHz frequencies” found metal objects such as spectacles, dental implants and earrings can cause an increase in the SAR values for external biological tissues, and metal objects can behave as a kind of shield for deeper tissues.

Wireless and Other Types of Electromagnetic Radiation Can Increase the Metal Released In The Body From Dental Fillings and Braces

Research has shown that radiofrequency radiation can increase metal interactions in the body, allowing the body to be exposed to higher amounts of toxic and carcinogenic metals. For example research has found MRI and microwave radiation emitted from mobile phones to result in higher mercury release from dental amalgam restoration. MRIs have been shown to result in higher mercury release from dental amalgam fillings.

Another study found that the exposure of patients with amalgam restorations to RF from Wi-Fi devices increased mercury release from the amalgam. In response to these findings some researchers have hypothesized that maternal exposure to electro magnetic fields in mothers with dental amalgam fillings could cause elevated levels of mercury and be a trigger related to the increase in autism rates.

A study published in the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics found that cell phone wireless radiation significantly increased nickel concentration in the saliva of patients who wear dental braces. Participants who spoke more on their cell phone had a greater increase in salivary nickel concentration. Women were more affected because they spoke more on their cell phones. Research studies indicate that nickel at minimal concentrations can impact physiology and research has established the carcinogenic effect of nickel. Therefore, the combination of wireless radiation and nickel poses a critical public health issue for teenagers with braces.

Manufacturers Warn Consumers About Metal Cases in their Fine Print Warnings.

Manufacturers warn consumers about metal cases in their fine print warnings for all cell phones and wireless devices. For example the Apple iPhone 5 states, “Cases with metal parts may change the RF performance of the device, including its compliance with RF exposure guidelines, in a manner that has not been tested or certified.”

However, the wireless companies do not warn with easy to understand language. They do not clarify that eyeglasses, earrings, metal implants or placing a cell phone in a pocket next to a keyring can increase consumers cell phone exposures.

However, it is notable that in 2012, the Indian government issued recommendations to reduce cell phone radiation which included, “Metal & water are good conductors of radio waves so avoid using a mobile phone while wearing metal-framed glasses or having wet hair.”

Cell Phone and wireless device testing does not consider the effects of body metal or metal eyeglass frames.

So far, governments have neglected to consider metal in their regulatory compliance testing, despite the fact that metal (body-worn or internal) will interact with the cell phone radiation absorption into the user’s body. The SAR test dummy does not have any metal (e.g., dental fillings, dental braces, earrings, piercings, orthopedic implants, wire-supported bras, or eyeglass frames) that could increase the radiation absorption beyond the laboratory measurements. Yet people use cell phones near metal. This is yet another important reason why current SAR testing is inadequate.

In addition, what about underwire bras? Women may place the cell phone in their bra close to the wire. Women may lean in next to a wireless laptop with an underwire bra. To what degree does the radiation penetrate due to this line of metal?

The US Government is Seeking Answers to How Metal Affects Radiation From Wireless Devices- Yet Is Not Informing The Public

The FCC opened an Inquiry into human exposure to radiofrequency in 2012 and specifically asked about issues related to medical implant exposure. The FCC in documents Reassessment of Federal Communications Commission Radio frequency Exposure Limits and Policies (page 83 of 202) states,

“Electrically conductive objects in or on the body may interact with sources of RF energy in ways that are not easily predicted. Examples of conductive objects in the body include implanted metallic objects. Examples of conductive objects on the body include eyeglasses, jewelry, or metallic accessories.”

The FCC states that they seek comment “on whether the present volume-averaged SAR limits are protective for the more localized SAR that may occur near the tip of a conductive object…”

Despite the FCC Inquiry opened in 2012, no action has been taken to protect the public. Cell phones are exponentially increasing in use by all ages and especially by teenagers who wear braces and who brains are developing.

SCIENTIFIC CITATIONS

Fayos-Fernandez J, Arranz-Faz C, Martinez-Gonzalez AM, Sanchez-Hernandez D. Effect of pierced metallic objects on SAR distributions at 900 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006 Jul;27(5):337-53.

Antenna input impedance, reflection coefficient, radiation patterns, SAR distribution, absorbed power, and peak SAR values have been computed and measured for diverse scenarios, electromagnetic simulators, and organs. Despite the measuring accuracy limitations of the study, both simulated and measured results suggest that special attention has to be paid to peak SAR averaged values when wearing metallic objects close to the radiation source, since some increment of peak SAR averaged values is expected.

Rajendran R, Venkatachalapathy S, Thiyagarajan B, Jeevagan S, Chinnasamy A, Sivanandham M. Effect of Mobile Phone with and without Earphones Usage on Nickel Ion Release from Fixed Orthodontic Appliance. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2023 May 1;24(5):303-307.

Studies have shown that there is increased nickel ion release in saliva following fixed orthodontic therapy which is further worsened by the usage of mobile phones due to its proximity to the oral cavity. As nickel is a well-known causative agent for hypersensitivity reactions and also a potential carcinogen, it is essential to maintain a lower level in saliva.

Results: In this study, paired and independent t-tests were used. On basis of statistics results, the mean of nickel release in both male and female participants using mobile phones without earphones were significantly higher than the participants using mobile phone with earphones. Conclusion: By our study, we concluded that usage of mobile phones with earphones has a significant reduced effect on metal ion release from fixed orthodontic appliance when compared to usage of mobile phones without earphones.

Joó E, Szász A, Szendrö P. Metal-framed spectacles and implants and specific absorption rate among adults and children using mobile phones at 900/1800/2100 MHz. Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25(2):103-12.

The specific absorption rate (SAR) from mobile telephones at horizontal and vertical positions is investigated in human adult and child heads wearing metal-rim spectacles and having metallic implants. The SAR values calculated by Finite Difference Time Domain (FTDT) method are compared to the actual ANSI/IEEE standards and to the 900/1800/2100 MHz electromagnetic radiation limits according to EU standards. Our calculation shows a maximum of the cellular SAR in the child head, which in the case of metallic implant could be as much as 100% higher than in the adult head. The averaging on 1 and 10 g tissue-masses shows SAR generally under the limit of 519/1999/EC standards. However, in the case of 2100 MHz with vertical position of the phone for adults and of the 900 MHz for children with metallic implants the ANSI/IEEE limits are exceeded

Whittow, R. M. Edwards and G. G. Cook, “A study of changes to specific absorption rates in the human eye close to perfectly conducting spectacles within the radio frequency range 1.5 to 3.0 GHz,” Twelfth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2003 (ICAP 2003). (Conf. Publ. No. 491), Exeter, UK, 2003, pp. 300-303 vol.1, doi: 10.1049/cp:20030073.

Results confirm that metallic spectacles can significantly change SAR levels at frequencies between 1.5 and 3 GHz. Specific attention is given to the energy interaction in the eyes and the nose. Results are given for several common spectacle frame shapes as well as whole head energy absorption comparisons.

G. Whittow, C. J. Panagamuwa, R. M. Edwards and J. C. Vardaxoglou, “The Energy Absorbed in the Human Head Due to Ring-Type Jewelry and Face-Illuminating Mobile Phones Using a Dipole and a Realistic Source,” in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 3812-3817, Dec. 2008

The effect of facial ring jewelry is investigated on the energy absorbed in the head when illuminated by communications-enabled personal data assistant (PDA)-type devices. We study the relative changes in specific absorption rates in the head due to perturbing metallic rings in proximity to the face illuminated by a 1.8 GHz dipole and a monopole on a conducting box. Simple and complex head models used in a validated finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation are compared with measurements from an industry standard DASY4 SAR measurement system. Both simulation and measurement are referred to the IEEE specific anthropomorphic mannequin head. Results show that metallic rings may alter specific absorption rates (SAR) level distributions within the head. Results are given for several common ring sizes

Whittow, W. G., et al. “On the effects of straight metallic jewellery on the specific absorption rates resulting from face-illuminating radio communication devices at popular cellular frequencies.” Physics in Medicine and Biology 53.1167 (2008).

“This paper presents simulated and measured phantom results for the possible effects that head worn jewelry may have on the relative levels of energy absorbed in the human head with cellular enabled mobile communication devices. Although, the pins increased the SAR, the SAR standards were not breached and the jewellery produced lower values than those of previous studies when the source was positioned close to the ear.”

Lan JQ, Liang X, Hong T, Du GH. On the effects of glasses on the SAR in human head resulting from wireless eyewear devices at phone call state. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2018 Aug;136:29-36.

This paper evaluates the effects of glasses on the specific absorption rates (SAR) in the human head resulting from wireless eyewear device at phone call state. We mainly concentrate on the SAR in the eyes since their sensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EMF). We find wearing glasses obviously alters the distribution and magnitude of the SAR. The maximal SAR in the ocular tissues with glasses is even 6 times more than that without glasses. Wearing glasses also induce the new hotspot in the eyes which may cause the biggest SAR increment in the ocular tissues. Moreover, calculated results indicate that the maximal SAR is sensitive to the size of glasses and radiation frequency. Because of this, we believe wearing glasses may possibly increase the risk of health hazard to eyes of wireless eyewear device user. These calculated results could be a valuable reference for the glasses designer to reduce the SAR in the eyes.

İl N, Ateş K, Özen Ş. Electromagnetic field exposure to human head model with various metal objects at sub-6 GHz frequencies. Electromagn Biol Med. 2023 Jun 4:1-9.

“the specific absorption rate (SAR) caused by new generation mobile phones was investigated in human heads wearing metal-framed spectacles and having metallic implants or earrings to analyse electromagnetic field exposure. A realistic human head model, including some metal objects, was numerically calculated, and analysed in terms of non-ionizing dosimetry. Simulations were carried out with the finite integration technique (FIT) based commercial software in the frequencies of 0.9, 1.8, 2.1, 2.45, 3.5 and 5 GHz, respectively. The maximum SAR of 14 × 10-5 W/kg for 10 g average tissue was calculated at 2.45 GHz frequency in the head model with earrings. The highest electric field strength of 0.52 V/m was observed at a 1.8 GHz frequency in the head model with all metal objects equipped. Results show that metal objects such as spectacles, dental implants and earrings can cause an increase in the SAR values for external biological tissues, and metal objects can behave as a kind of shield for deeper tissues.”

Mortazavi, Gh, et al. “Increased release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings due to maternal exposure to electromagnetic fields as a possible mechanism for the high rates of autism in the offspring: introducing a hypothesis.”Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering 6.1 (2016): 41.

“According to the World Health Organization (WHO), factors such as growing electricity demand, ever-advancing technologies and changes in social behaviour have led to steadily increasing exposure to man-made electromagnetic fields. Dental amalgam fillings are among the major sources of exposure to elemental mercury vapour in the general population. Although it was previously believed that low levels are mercury (i.g. release of mercury from dental amalgam) is not hazardous, now numerous data indicate that even very low doses of mercury cause toxicity. There are some evidence indicating that perinatal exposure to mercury is significantly associated with an increased risk of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, mercury can decrease the levels of neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, noreprenephrine, and acetylcholine in the brain and cause neurological problems. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation between maternal and cord blood mercury levels is found in some studies. We have previously shown that exposure to MRI or microwave radiation emitted by common mobile phones can lead to increased release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings. Moreover, when we investigated the effects of MRI machines with stronger magnetic fields, our previous findings were confirmed. As a strong association between exposure to electromagnetic fields and mercury level has been found in our previous studies, our findings can lead us to this conclusion that maternal exposure to electromagnetic fields in mothers with dental amalgam fillings may cause elevated levels of mercury and trigger the increase in autism rates. Further studies are needed to have a better understanding of the possible role of the increased mercury level after exposure to electromagnetic fields and the rate of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring.”

Mortazavi, Ghazal, and S. M. J. Mortazavi. “Increased mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after exposure to electromagnetic fields as a potential hazard for hypersensitive people and pregnant women.” Reviews on Environmental Health 30.4 (2015): 287-92.

“Our findings regarding the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on the release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings lead us to this conclusion that pregnant women with dental amalgam fillings should limit their exposure to electromagnetic fields to prevent toxic effects of mercury in their fetuses. Based on these findings, as infants and children are more vulnerable to mercury exposures, and as some individuals are routinely exposed to different sources of electromagnetic fields, we possibly need a paradigm shift in evaluating the health effects of amalgam fillings.”

Othman, N., et al. “Specific Absorption Rate in the human leg and testicle due to metallic coin and zip.” RF and Microwave Conference (RFM), 2015. IEEE (2015).

“This research identifies and evaluates the effect of human body and conductive metallic objects in the vicinity of radiation source on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The results have shown that the presence of metallic objects near to human body could alter the energy absorption by the body. The presence of coin close to dipole antenna increases the 1g SAR in the leg by 58 %. In addition, the zip could significantly increases SAR inside the testicle by 30 % at 0.9 GHz.”

Othman, Nazirah, Noor Asmawati Samsuri, and Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim. “ESTIMATION OF SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE IN THE HUMAN LEG AND TESTICLE DUE TO A METALLIC RING.” JURNAL TEKNOLOGI 77.10 (2015): 85-90.

“The results have shown that the presence of human body near to the antenna significantly distorted the antenna radiation pattern. The antenna gain is decreased approximately 10 dB at 0.9 GH and 25 dB at 1.8 GHz in the direction of body. Nevertheless, the presence of metallic ring do not have any profound effect on antenna radiation pattern due to their size which is relatively small compared to the size of the human body. Additional metallic ring close to the human leg could alter the SAR and the effect varies depending on the size of the rings. The presence of metallic ring significantly increases the averaged 10g SAR inside the testicle by more than 20% at 1.8 GHz.”

Saghiri, Mohammad Ali, et al. “Effect of mobile phone use on metal ion release from fixed orthodontic appliances.”American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 147.6 (2015): 719-724.

“The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on the level of nickel in saliva. Mobile phone usage has a time-dependent influence on the concentration of nickel in the saliva of patients with orthodontic appliances.”

Mortazavi, S. M. J., et al. “High-field MRI and mercury release from dental amalgam fillings.” The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2014) 5.2: 101-5.

“This study was conducted to assess the effect of high-field MRI on mercury release from dental amalgam filling. The mean±SD urinary mercury levels in MRI-exposed individuals increased linearly from a baseline value of 20.70±17.96 to 24.83±22.91 μg/L 72 hrs after MRI. In the control group, the concentration decreased linearly from 20.70±19.77 to 16.14±20.05 μg/L. The difference between urinary mercury in the exposed and control group, 72 hrs after MRI (96 h after restoration),was significant (p=0.046). These findings provide further support for the noxious effect of MRI (exposure to strong magnetic field)and release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings.”

Junqing Lan, Tao Hong2, Xiao Liang, and Guohong Du, Evaluation of Microwave Microdosimetry for Human Eyes with Glasses Exposed to Wireless Eyewear Devices at Phone Call State, Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 63, 71–81, 2018

Abstract—This paper evaluates the effect of glasses on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and the absorbed power in the human head exposed to microwave from wireless eyewear device at phone call state. Due to the sensitivity of eyes to microwave, this paper mainly concentrates on the SAR and the absorbed power in ocular tissues. The calculated results indicate that wearing glasses can obviously increase the maximal SAR and the absorbed power in ocular tissues. Glasses has almost doubled the maximal SAR in ocular tissues. The absorbed power with glasses is about 3.1–4.5 times as big as that without glasses. Furthermore, we find that the maximal SAR and absorbed power are sensitive to the width of glass leg and the thickness of spectacle lens, while variation trends with the varying glasses size are quite different. Hypermyopia patient might suffer from higher risk of getting the oculopathy due to the larger SAR caused by the thicker spectacle lens. In conclusion, wearing glasses may pose higher health risk on eyes of wireless eyewear device user. This paper would provide valuable reference data for the future evaluation of microwave biological effect on eyes.

Bengleil, Mudafara S., Juma M. Orfi, and Iman Abdelgader. “Evaluation of salivary nickel level during orthodontic treatment.” Int J Med Health Pharmacol Biomed Eng 7 (2013): 735-7.

“An increase in level of nickel was followed by decrease 4 and 8 weeks after applying the arch wire (0.208± 0.112) and (0.077±0.056 mg/L) respectively. Nickel levels in saliva of the second group were showed minimal variation and ranged from 0.061± 0.044mg/L to 0.083±0.054 throughout period of study. It may be concluded that there could be a release of nickel from the appliances used in first group but it doesn’t reach toxic level in saliva.”

Yilmaz, Selmi, and M. Misirlioğlu. “The effect of 3 T MRI on microleakage of amalgam restorations.” Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 42.8 (2013): 20130072.

“Statistical analysis showed significant differences in microleakage between the groups exposed to MRI and controls, whereas differences in microleakage between amalgam types were insignificant.The primary risk of MRI systems arises from the effects of its strong magnetic field on objects containing ferromagnetic materials. An MRI of 1.5 T is known to be safe for amalgam restorations. However, our research indicates that MRI is not completely devoid of any effects on amalgam restorations.”

Chervona, Yana, Adriana Arita, and Max Costa. “Carcinogenic metals and the epigenome: understanding the effect of nickel, arsenic, and chromium.” Metallomics 4.7 (2012): 619-627.

“Here, we propose that the iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family enzymes, as well as, other histone modifying enzymes are important intracellular targets that mediate the toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel, and maybe potential targets in chromium and arsenic induced carcinogenesis. Our data demonstrate that all three metals are capable of inducing post-translational histone modifications and affecting the enzymes that modulate them.”

Lahcen, Ousehal and Lazrak, Laila. “Change in nickel levels in the saliva of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.” International Orthodontics 10.2 (2012): 190–197

“Results showed a significant increase in nickel levels just after NiTi archwire insertion. However, the difference was non-significant 8 weeks later. In conclusion, orthodontic appliances release nickel ions mainly at the start of orthodontic treatment.”

Shahidi S.H., et al. “Effect of magnetic resonance imaging on microleakage of amalgam restorations: an in vitro study.”Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 38.7 (2009): 470–4.

“The results of this study suggest that MRI is not a completely safe technique in patients with amalgam restorations. It was shown that the main effect of fields led to the appearance of thermoelectromagnetic convection, which is responsible for the enhancement of the diffusion process, grain boundary migration and vacancy formation resulting in microleakage.”

Das, K. K., S. N. Das, and S. A. Dhundasi. “Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative stress.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 128.4 (2008): 412.

“This article presents a selective review on nickel and effect of its acute, subchronic and chronic doses on certain metabolically active tissues in human as well as animals.Nickel exposure causes formation of free radicals in various tissues in both human and and animals which lead to various modifications to DNA bases, enhanced lipid peroxidation, and altered calcium and sulphhydryl homeostasis.”

Mortazavi, S. M., et al. “Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use.” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11.8 (2008): 1142-6.

“A statistical significant (p<0.05) higher concentration was observed in the students used mobile phone. It appears that MRI and microwave radiation emitted from mobile phones significantly release mercury from dental amalgam restoration. Further research is needed to clarify whether other common sources of electromagnetic field exposure may cause alterations in dental amalgam and accelerate the release of mercury.”

Virtanen, Hanna, Jafar Keshvari and Reijo Lappalainen. “Interaction of radio frequency electromagnetic fields and passive metallic implants—A brief review.” Bioelectromagnetics 27.6 (2006): 431-9.

“A summary of results indicates that a conductive object in tissues may cause notable local enhancement of the EM field and thus enhanced power absorption. The degree of enhancement depends, for example, on the orientation, the dimensions, the shape, and the location of the implant. However, in most of the cases, the field enhancement has not been strong enough to cause remarkable excess heating (more than 1 °C) of tissues.”

Grimsrud, T.K., et al. “Exposure to different forms of nickel and risk of lung cancer.” American Journal of Epidemiology 156.12 (2002): 1123–32.

“In a case-control study of Norwegian nickel-refinery workers, the authors examined dose-related associations between lung cancer and cumulative exposure to four forms of nickel: water-soluble, sulfidic, oxidic, and metallic. A clear dose-related effect was seen for water-soluble nickel (odds ratio = 1.7 per unit in the loge-transformed exposure, ln[(cumulative exposure) + 1], originally given in (mg/m3) × years (95% confidence interval: 1.3, 2.2)). A general rise in risk from other types of nickel could not be excluded, but no further dose-dependent increase was seen. Smoking was a weak to moderate confounder. The study suggests an important role of water-soluble nickel species in nickel-related cancer.”

Anderson, V., and K. H. Joyner. “Specific absorption rate levels measured in a phantom head exposed to radio frequency transmissions from analog hand‐held mobile phones.” Bioelectromagnetics 16.1 (1995): 60-9.

Although the SARs are below peak spatial limits recommended in the U.S. and Australian national standards- Metal-framed spectacles enhanced SAR levels in the eye by 9-29%. In the brain, maximum levels were recorded at the measurement point closest to the phone and ranged from 0.12 to 0.83 W/kg.

Lee YW, et al. “Carcinogenic nickel silences gene expression by chromatin condensation and DNA methylation: A new model for epigenetic carcinogens.” Mol Cell Biol. 15.5 (1995): 2547–57.

“This paper further supports the emerging theory that nickel is a human carcinogen that can alter gene expression by enhanced DNA methylation and compaction, rather than by mutagenic mechanisms.”

Deepshikha Bhargava , Phadungsak Rattanadecho , Teerapot Wessapan, “The effect of metal objects on the SAR and temperature increase in the human head exposed to dipole antenna (numerical analysis)” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 22 (2020) 100789

Results show that the presence of metal objects in proximity to the head alters SAR and temperature increase within the tissues. In most cases, metal objects redistribute the EM field incident upon them to a smaller region increasing power absorption, thereby increasing SAR and temperature in that region. The power absorption in head layers is found to be sensitive to metal object’s size and shape, and distance of the antenna from the objects.

Yangchun Gao, Dianyuan Qi; Congsheng Li, Hui Zhao, Safety Assessment of Human with Metal Implants Exposed to Magnetic Field Based on Numerical Method, 4th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Application (ICCEA)

A realistic siting human model is deformed, and a metal implant model is developed to assessment the induced electrical field. We perform the quasi-static calculation for the 99th percentile induced electric field and current density. The results show that when the population implanted with metal objects is exposed to the electric vehicle induced magnetic field environment, the induced electric field value is higher than the general population but still below the existing guideline restrictions